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New Connectivity in the Bay of Bengal

Opportunities and Perspectives of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)

SWP Comment 2018/C 53, 11.12.2018, 4 Seiten Forschungsgebiete

Owing to the increased commitment from India, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) has experienced a revival since 2016. Firstly, India is hoping to be able to develop better the country’s hard-to-reach northeast by intensifying regional cooperation. Secondly, given the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) investments in neighbouring countries, it aims to reinforce its claim to leadership in the region. From an international perspective, BIMSTEC is an essential building block in India’s Act East policy in the context of the renewed importance of the Indo-Pacific region. With the support of BIMSTEC, Ger­many and the European Union (EU) can deepen their strategic partnership with India whilst simultaneously increasing their visibility in the Bay of Bengal.

BIMSTEC was founded in 1997 as BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation). After Myanmar joined later that year, it was renamed BIMSTEC. The entry of Nepal and Bhutan in 2004 required yet another change of name. The aim of the organisation was to promote economic cooperation between countries bordering the Bay of Bengal.

The member states of BIMSTEC have very different experiences with regional coopera­tion. Thailand and Myanmar are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), considered a successful regional organisation. Intraregional trade among ASEAN member states currently accounts for approximately 29 percent of their total trade in goods. ASEAN has also established multilateral security institu­tions, such as the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and the East Asia Summit (EAS) in order to involve major external powers in the region.

Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal are members of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), which is considered a rather unsuccessful model of regional cooperation in Asia. Intraregional trade is at a mere seven percent. Indo-Pak conflicts have repeatedly hampered the orga­nisation’s development. As a result, there has been no appreciable regional cooperation in South Asia.

The seven member states of BIMSTEC have a total population of around 1.5 bil­lion people. Although this represents 22 per­cent of the world’s population, around 90 per­cent of them live in India. Their combined

gross domestic product (GDP) comes to a total of 2.7 trillion US dollars. The econom­ic growth of BIMSTEC countries has been at 6.5 percent for the last five years.

The development of BIMSTEC was initial­ly sluggish as its members received little political attention and the organisation had weak institutional structures. Initially, it was to hold a high-level meeting every two years. However, only four summits have taken place so far (Bangkok in 2004, New Delhi in 2008, Nay Pyi Taw in 2014 and Kathmandu in 2018). Member states have so far not been able to agree on a free trade agreement. Intraregional trade, therefore, stands at just under five percent. However, the foreign and trade ministers of partici­pating states meet regularly to discuss co­operation projects. At the 2014 summit, they decided to set up a secretariat which started work in Dhaka that same year. The number of working groups has now in­creased from six to 14.

India’s Initiative

The new attention BIMSTEC has received in recent years is largely due to an increased commitment from New Delhi. As recently as 2015, some voices in India were critical of BIMSTEC’s prospects. Two developments may have been decisive for a reassessment of the organisation. Firstly, relations with Pakistan have continued to deteriorate. At the end of December 2015, Prime Minister Modi unexpectedly visited his Pakistani counterpart Nawaz Sharif, raising hopes of a renewed rapprochement. However, these hopes were dashed after a terrorist attack in the Indian city of Pathankot in January 2016. Secondly, during this period, the Chinese government began presenting vari­ous cooperation projects already underway, such as the Bangladesh-China-India-Myan­mar Economic Corridor (BCIM), as part of its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Since India is one of the few countries in Asia to refuse to participate in the BRI, the government in New Delhi subsequently showed little inter­est in the BCIM project.

In mid-October 2016, the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) summit took place in Goa, India. At India’s behest, the BRICS meeting was combined with an outreach meeting with the heads of state of the BIMSTEC countries. The Indian govern­ment took this opportunity to present BIMSTEC as an alternative to the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). In September 2016, following a terrorist attack on a military base in Indian Kashmir, the New Delhi government can­celled its participation in the upcoming SAARC summit in Pakistan. Other SAARC states such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal supported India’s deci­sion. India also invited the Maldives and Afghanistan as observers to the BRICS BIMSTEC summit. These two countries are members of SAARC but not of BIMSTEC. In their final document, BIMSTEC’s heads of state and government condemned terrorism and declared a willingness to cooperate more closely on security policy, a statement which, according to all observers, was clear­ly directed against Pakistan.

Since 2016, BIMSTEC has recorded a num­ber of positive developments: in August of that year, the BIMSTEC Transport and Con­nectivity Working Group (BTCWG) was launched. In 2017, the Thai government sub­mitted a draft for the BIMSTEC Master Plan for Connectivity. Member states are current­ly negotiating agreements to promote coast­al shipping and road trans­port. An agree­ment on improving customs clearance has already been signed. There is a Memorandum of Understanding on ex­panding cross-border power grids. Finally, members agreed to strengthen security cooperation by, among other things, setting up regular meet­ings between interior ministers and security apparatus repre­sentatives. However, India’s interest in closer security cooperation of this kind has already suffered initial set­backs. Nepal and Thailand, for example, only sent ob­servers to India for BIMSTEC’s first joint military manoeuvre in September 2018. Observers concluded that Nepal’s re­fusal to take part was directly due to political pressure being exerted on Kathmandu by Beijing. As a result, Nepal and Thailand subsequently conducted joint manoeuvres instead.

New interest in BIMSTEC

BIMSTEC allows India to combine impor­tant domestic, regional and international aspects of its foreign policy. Domestically, increased connectivity in northeastern India should also improve access to the region. Currently, the region can only be reached via an approximately 20-kilometre-wide corridor between Bangladesh and Nepal. China has laid claim to the area’s northernmost state of Arunachal Pradesh for decades. At the same time, a number of militant groups in the northeast are fight­ing for greater autonomy and, in some cases, independence. The region has long been considered a land bridge for closer cooperation with Southeast Asia and ASEAN. Since the early 1990s, successive Indian governments have pursued a “Look East” policy which Prime Minister Modi upgraded to an “Act East” policy after 2014. In addition to the northeast itself, improved economic development, stimulated in con­junction with neighbouring states in the Bay of Bengal, would probably also benefit the approximately 300 million people liv­ing in the states on India’s east coast.

Secondly, BIMSTEC also gives India the opportunity to counter China’s growing in­fluence in the region with its own connec­tivity projects. Traditionally, China has strong military and economic ties with Myanmar and, in recent years, has invested heavily in Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka as part of the BRI. BIMSTEC is more attrac­tive to India than SAARC, for example, where the conflict with Pakistan has re­peatedly blocked progress. In addition, Southeast Asia and ASEAN are more bene­ficial partners for India from a political and economic point of view than neighbouring countries in South Asia.

The organisation has also become more critical for other BIMSTEC members. In re­cent years, Sri Lanka’s foreign policy dis­cussions have focused less on South Asia and more on new initiatives, such as the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) or BIMSTEC. The Himalayan states of Nepal and Bhutan see BIMSTEC as a welcome opportunity to diversify their trade routes. Bangladesh hopes the cooperation project will improve its relations with Southeast Asia, although bilateral issues such as the expulsion of the Rohingyas from Myanmar will not be discussed in this context. Thai­land also has an interest in deepening its relations with South Asia and, among other things, is working with BIMSTEC to im­prove networking between the region’s port cities.

BIMSTEC, Germany and the EU

The BIMSTEC cooperation has received a clear political impetus in recent years, even though specific results so far have been rather modest. Nevertheless, BIMSTEC is still important for German and European policies towards Asia because strengthening regional cooperation or connectivity has been one of their key concerns for many years.

Due to the clear predominance of Chi­nese investments, many regional coopera­tion projects are currently losing their at­tractiveness for members. The investments are increasing trade policy, financial and political dependency on China. The EU con­tinues to promote regional cooperation in its connectivity strategy with Asia pub­lished in the autumn of 2018. It will focus on constructing transport, energy and digi­tal networks. BIMSTEC is also prioritising these areas. In addition, Germany and India could deepen their strategic partnership through closer cooperation within the BIMSTEC framework. India is now willing to work with other countries on such pro­jects, as the India and Japan Vision 2025 shows. BIMSTEC also wants to open up to cooperation with international organisa­tions. Finally, Germany and the EU could increase their visibility in the Indo-Pacific region with the support of BIMSTEC.

As for other regional organisations, the challenge for BIMSTEC is to provide tangi­ble financial and human resources, and not just make well-intentioned proposals. The secretariat has only had a rather small bud­get and little equipment and personnel, to date. Germany and Europe have a wealth of expertise in both areas. Given the above-mentioned negative implications that the BRI could have on regional cooperation projects, it should also be in the interests of German and European policy to support a revitalised organisation like BIMSTEC.

Dr Christian Wagner is a Senior Fellow in the Asia Division at SWP.
Dr Siddharth Tripathi is a post-doctoral fellow at the Willy Brandt School of Public Policy, University of Erfurt.

© Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2018

SWP

Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik

(English version of SWP‑Aktuell 64/2018)